Early stages of cervical cancer often do not cause symptoms, making regular screening crucial. When symptoms do occur, they may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as after intercourse or between periods), unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Advanced stages of the disease may cause more severe symptoms like weight loss, fatigue, and swelling of the legs.

Screening for cervical cancer includes Pap smears (Pap tests) and HPV testing, which can detect precancerous changes in cervical cells. Regular screening allows for early detection and treatment of precancerous conditions before they develop into cancer. The HPV vaccine, recommended for both boys and girls, provides protection against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer.

Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the disease, the size and type of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with surgery (such as a hysterectomy) to remove the cancerous tissue. More advanced cases may require a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are emerging treatment options for certain cases.

Ongoing research continues to improve the understanding, prevention, and treatment of cervical cancer. Public health efforts focus on increasing awareness about HPV vaccination and the importance of regular cervical cancer screening. With appropriate preventive measures and early detection, cervical cancer can often be successfully treated, significantly improving survival rates and quality of life for affected individuals.