Colorectal cancer, encompassing both colon and rectal cancers, is a significant health issue primarily affecting the large intestine and rectum.
Symptoms include
- Changes in bowel movements
- Blood in stool
- Unintentional weight loss
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
These symptoms warrant immediate medical consultation to rule out cancer or other severe conditions.
Causes and Risk Factors
The risk increases with age, but lifestyle factors and genetic predispositions also play critical roles.
Key risk factors include a diet high in red and processed meats, obesity, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and excessive alcohol use.
Genetic disorders can also predispose individuals to early and more aggressive forms of this cancer.
Diagnosis and Prevention
Colorectal cancer is primarily diagnosed via tissue biopsy conducted during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
Early detection through regular screening is recommended for adults aged 45 to 75.
Screening is crucial as it can detect polyps before they turn cancerous, significantly reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer.
Treatment Options
Treatment includes a combination of radiation therapy and surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the tumor.
Early-stage cancers may be treatable with surgery alone, while advanced cases might require a multi-faceted approach that combines several treatments to manage the disease effectively.
Surgery is a cornerstone of colorectal cancer treatment, aimed at removing cancerous tissues and preventing further spread.
Here’s a concise overview of surgical options:
- Polypectomy and Local Excision
- These are minimally invasive procedures to remove small polyps or early-stage cancers directly through a colonoscope, often adequate for cancers confined to the lining of the colon or rectum.
- Partial Colectomy
- The most common surgical approach for colorectal cancer involves the removal of the affected part of the colon or rectum, along with surrounding healthy tissue and lymph nodes, and then reattaching the healthy sections.
- Total Colectomy
- For widespread cancer or high genetic risk, the entire colon may be removed, sometimes necessitating an ileostomy where waste exits through an abdominal opening into a pouch.
- Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Surgery
- These advanced, minimally invasive techniques involve small incisions and specialized equipment, offering benefits like shorter recovery time and reduced pain.
- Palliative Surgery
- In advanced cases, surgery may focus on relieving symptoms such as pain or blockages.
