Liver Cancer
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, is a serious and often aggressive form of cancer that begins in the liver cells. The most common type is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which originates in the main type of liver cell called hepatocytes. Other less common types include intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, particularly in regions with high rates of hepatitis infection.
Risk factors for liver cancer include chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses, cirrhosis (often due to chronic alcohol abuse), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), exposure to aflatoxins (toxins produced by certain molds that contaminate food), and certain genetic conditions. Obesity, diabetes, and a family history of liver cancer also increase the risk.
Symptoms of liver cancer often do not appear until the disease is advanced. They can include unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, general weakness and fatigue, an enlarged liver or spleen, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and white, chalky stools.
Early detection of liver cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes. Screening, particularly for high-risk individuals, involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, a tumor marker for liver cancer.
Treatment options for liver cancer depend on the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and liver function. They may include surgical resection to remove the tumor, liver transplantation, ablation therapies (such as radiofrequency ablation or microwave ablation), embolization (to block blood flow to the tumor), radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
Advancements in liver cancer research are continually improving treatment strategies and patient outcomes. Preventive measures, such as vaccination against hepatitis B, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing underlying health conditions, are crucial in reducing the risk of liver cancer. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care are essential for improving survival rates and quality of life for liver cancer patients.
